carbamazepine for treatment of bipolar box shows interquartile range (IQR) and whiskers show range; analyzed by two-sided Kruskal–Wallis test (healthy versus ICU days) with pairwise comparisons of repeated measures across days using a mixed linear regression model with a post hoc Tukey’s test. e, MOFA of microbiota composition between healthy volunteers and ICU patients showing top ten taxonomic factors (families) and their relative contributions to explained microbiota variance (factor weight). f, Enterobacteriaceae relative abundance on days 1, 3 and 7 of ICU admission compared to healthy controls. Dots represent individual patients, central line shows median, box shows IQR and whiskers show range, analysis as per c and d. g, Correlation between Enterobacteriaceae relative abundance and Shannon index, analyzed using Spearman correlation test. Dots show individual patient samples, regression (line) and 95% confidence intervals (shaded area) are shown. h, Penalized ridge regression of the 15 most abundant bacterial families and their importance toward change in Shannon diversity from days 1–3 of ICU admission. i,j, Mean relative abundance († indicates Padj < 0.1 by ANCOM-II differential abundance) (i) and correlation matrices (j) of the 15 most abundant bacterial families on ICU day 3. k, Longitudinal microbiota community stability index between patients with progressive Enterobacteriaceae enrichment (n = 18) or no enrichment (n = 26). Dots represent individual patients, central line shows the median, box shows IQR and whiskers show range; analyzed by two-sided Mann–Whitney U-test. l–n, The 30-d nosocomial infection-free survival analyzed by log-rank test (l), odds ratio of nosocomial infection caused by any pathogen or Enterobacteriaceae pathogen determined by two-sided Fisher’s exact test (m) and pathogens identified in nosocomial infections (n) (n = 30 infections in 28 patients). P values as shown in b; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Credit: Nature Medicine (2023). DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02243-5″ width=”800″ height=”530″>
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